A&P T5
1. In your own words define the following terms: a) Anatomy b) Physiology
(Marieb, 2011)
Anatomy:
anatomy is the study of the structure of an organism. Human anatomy deals with the structure and the structural parts of a human body. While another paired subject named physiology deals with the functions of the body parts, anatomy deals with the structure of a body. How and what a body is composed of.
Physiology:
physiology is the study of the chemical or physical functions of an organism. When study physiology, we are looking into the functions of cells and organs with their biological relations that makes a body as a whole instead of its structure.
Marieb, E. N. (2006) An overview of Anatomy and Physiology- Chapter 1- P2
2. In your own words, explain the meaning of ‘Homeostasis’.
The word ‘homeostasis’ is made of two parts. ‘Homeo’ means the same while ‘stasis’ means standing still. Homeostasis literally means unchanging. The word homeostasis describe a condition that a body can maintain a functioning, relatively stable condition inside the body while the externally environment is keep changing. Homeostasis does not mean an unchanging state. In fact, it indicates a balanced condition in which the internal condition can maintain its constancy and vary, according within relatively situations.
Marieb, E. N. (2006)Homeostasis- Chapter 1- P9-10
3. In order to maintain life and survive, a person needs to be able to grow and reproduce. List ten (10) OTHER vital components required for a person to maintain life and survive.
1. Maintaining boundaries: a boundary means “a barrier” that separates an organism its internal and external parts. This separation leads to protect and maintain organic internal environments.
2. Movement: that allows the organism to travel through the living space, and allows transport of molecules within.
3. Responsiveness, or irritability: is the ability to sense and judge changes in the internal or external environment and react to those changes.
4. Digestion and excretion: digestion is the process of breaking down food into molecular form (nutrients) that can be used by the body for energy and cell building. Excretion is a process of getting rid of waste of the body.
5. Metabolism: that includes all chemical reactions processed in the body.
6. Reproduction: is the process of expressing sexuality and recreating more cells or organisms in order to form a new organism, an offspring. In broader term, reproduction can also means formation of new cells to replace old cells. Organismal reproduction and cellular reproduction are both essential to the survival of human.
7. Oxygen: is the essential element required by the chemical reactions that release energy from foods.
8. Water, the most abundant chemical substance in the body, accounts for 60 to 80 percent of body weight. It provides an environment for chemical reactions and a fluid medium for secretions and excretions.
9. Normal body temperature: is required for the chemical reactions of the body to occur at the proper rate. For good health, it is usually maintained at around 37ﾟC.
10. Atmospheric pressure: must be within an appropriate range so that proper gas exchange occurs in the lungs to support cellular metabolism.
Marieb, E. N. (2006)Maintaining Life- Chapter 1: Human Body: An Orientation - P7-9
4 .Briefly explain the stages of mitosis.
Mitosis means the chemical division process of cells. A cell splitting procedure is followed by 6 steps. These steps require energy stored in the cell to complete.
1. Interphase: a cell presents, split itself into two identical cells. In this stage the DNA replicates but remain inside the nucleus membrane.
2. Prophase: the nucleus membrane is no longer present and the DNA molecules start forming chromosomes.
3. Metaphase: the chromosomes start forming straight line at the metaphase plate.
4. Anaphase: chromosomes split apart and are pulled to opposite ends of cells.
5. Telophase: chromosomes starts to disappear, cells split and 2 daughter cells form.
6. Cytokinesis: two identical cells that contain the same number of chromosomes present.
Marieb, E. N. (2006)Chapter 3: Cells and Tissues P79-83
5. Name the four (4) tissue types and provide one (1) example of where each tissue type can be found within the human body.
1. Epithelium tissue: A forming barrier that protect the body and organs. It contains no blood vessels but a lot of nerves and can repair itself. The skin, can also found in stomach or kidney.
2. Muscle tissue: Responsible for body movement, mechanical digestion that moves blood, food and waste through organs. There are 3 types of muscle groups. Smooth muscle can be found in organ walls and blood vessel walls. Skeletal muscle can be found in the attachment to the bone. Cardiac muscle can be found in heart walls.
3. Connective tissue: It stores nutrients, acting as the internal support for organs, forming cushions that protect organs, protecting joints and attached muscles to bone and each other. Connective tissue can be found in cartilage, bones and blood.
4. Nervous tissue: Conducting impulses to and from body organs via neurons. Can find them in the brain, spinal cord and nerves.
Marieb, E. N. (2006)Chapter 3: Cells and Tissues-P85-97
6. Name six (6) functions of the Integumentary System.
1. Protecting body from external harmful lights, bacteria and dehydration.
2. Regulating body temperature by sweating.
3. Helping us to feel or sense things via nerve endings and receptors that detect temperature, touch, pressure and pain.
4. Excretion: removing waste products through sweating.
5. Reserve large quantity of blood in the skin for body need.
6. Metabolic function: synthesizes vitamin from sun light.
Marieb, E. N. (2006)Chapter 4: Skin and Membranes- P110-112, P215
AAAS(2015) Science NetLinks: Integumentary System
7. Identify four (4) changes that occur to the skin and subcutaneous connective tissue as a result of the aging process.
1. As we aged, the epidermal cells start to change shape, and the barrier function is reduced, gradually the epidermis become thinner and 2. More fragile, susceptible to trauma and infection. 3. Decreased production of collagen, elastin and 4. Gradually ceased cell regeneration makes skin drier, less elastic and form wrinkles.
Marieb, E. N. (2006)Chapter 4- Developmental Aspects of Skin and Body Membranes-Skin and Body Membranes-P124Victoria Goverment (2015) Healthy ageing - the skin
http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/ageing_the_skin
8. Explain in your own words how the skin helps regulate body temperature.
Our skin regulates body temperature via the process of sweating through blood vessels. The skin is acting the role as our body’s thermostat. When the external environment is cold, the blood vessels in the skin contract, so that triggers shivering and keep out body from losing heat. On the other hand, if there’s a heat wave, our body will sweat to increase the blood flow to the capillaries, which in turn increases sweating. This process cools our body off as the water evaporates from our skin.
Marieb, E. N. (2006)Chapter 4- Basic Skin Functions-Skin and Body Membranes. P111COLIN BLAKEMORE and SHELIA JENNETT. "temperature regulation." The Oxford Companion to the Body. 2001.http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O128-temperatureregulation.html
9. In your own words, briefly describe five (5) functions of the skeletal system.
1. Providing support for the entire structure of the body.
2. Protecting organs and other soft tissues in the body.
3. Coordinating with skeletal muscle to keep body movement.
4. Storing minerals for the body.
5. Producing red blood cells, white blood cells and other elements which are vital to the body via bone marrow.
Marieb, E. N. (2006)- Chapter 5- Functions of the Bones- P130-131
10. In your own words, briefly explain three (3) functions of the muscular system.
1. Maintaining Posture: Muscles that generate low amounts of force for long periods often referred to as tonic muscle maintain body posture. Tonic muscles do not generate much movement but hold limbs in position. Contraction occurs when there is tension within a muscle, yet the functioning continuously making adjustment so that we can maintain our posture despite of the pull of gravity. Support maintains proper positional conditions of parts of the body so that they function well.
2. Stabilizing joints: The skeletal muscles make movements, as one muscle contracts, the opposing muscle off the other end of the bone must relax to cause movement. They also stabilize the joints. Skeletal muscles are arranged in pairs on opposite sides of joints. Muscle tendons play a big role in reinforcing and stabilizing joints.
3. Generating Warmth:
Heat is produced by many chemical reactions in the body, but the muscle system is the main heat producer. The muscular system responds to body temperature reduction by shivering. The colder you are, the more you shiver. Shivering muscles demand oxygenated blood to increase body temperature. When muscles contractions increase in huge amount for example exercise, produce much more heat. The muscles system performs other chemical reactions even when the muscles are relaxed. This is why our body stay warm while sleeping.
Marieb, E. N. (2006) Chapter 6- The Muscular System P177-182
A.G. DiGiovanna(July 22, 2000)Retrieved from http://www2.ku.edu/~lba/courses/articles/chapter%208d.pdf
11. In your own words, briefly explain muscle atrophy.
Muscle atrophy literately means wasting away the muscle tone. Muscle tone results in the stimulation of the systematic nerve system within the muscle groups. When this stimulation supply to the muscle is destroyed or malfunctioned the muscle is no longer stimulated in such a manner and lose its tone and become paralysed. This is the beginning of the muscle atrophy.
Marieb, E. N. (2006)Chapter 6 The Muscular System- Muscle Tone p191
12. In relation to the aging process, in your own words briefly describe atherosclerosis動脈粥樣硬化and how this condition can lead to hypertension and other cardiovascular problems.
Atherosclerosis is a condition of thickening and/ or hardening of the arteries where plaque builds up inside. Plaque is made of cholesterol, fatty substances, cellular waste products etc. as clotting materials to the blood vessels. It is believed that because of the inner lining of the artery called endothelium becomes damaged, plaque begins to form. As the thickened and damaged artery narrows, resistance to blood flow increases. The more blood your heart pumps and the narrower your arteries, the higher your blood pressure.
Decreased oxygen supply in the narrowed blood stream can lead to hypertension, so called high blood pressure.
If the oxygen supply to the heart muscle is reduced, a heart attack can occur.
Marieb, E. N. (2006)Chapter 11 The Cardiovascular System- variation in blood pressure p376, p379
A.H.A.(2014) Atherosclerosis
13. In your own words, briefly describe two (2) functions of the lymphatic system.
1. Maintain fluid balance: the main function of the lymphatic system is to collect and transport tissue fluids from the intercellular spaces in all the tissues of the body, back to the veins in the blood system. It also transports enzymes, hormones and plasma proteins from their manufactured sites to the bloodstream.
2. Promote immunity: antibodies and anti manufactures in the lymph nodes assist the body to build up immunity to fight diseases. Lymph nodes play an important role in the defence mechanism of the body. They filter out micro-organisms such as bacteria and foreign substances such as toxins, etc. which are harmful to the body.
Marieb, E. N. (2006). Chapter 12-The Lymphatic System and Body Defense- P390-396
The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica(2015)-Lymphatic system-Anatomy
http://www.britannica.com/science/lymphatic-system
14. List the four most common indicators of acute inflammation.
An inflammatory response that lasts only a few days is called acute inflammation, while a response of longer duration is referred to as chronic inflammation. There are 4 basic signs of inflammation: redness, heat, swelling and pain.
The small blood vessels expand around the injury cause redness while the increased blood flow brings heat. The accumulation of fluid outside the blood vessels brings about the swelling to the area injured as the pain results from the deformed tissues caused by the swelling (edema).
Marieb, E. N. (2006). Chapter 12-The Lymphatic System and Body Defense- P396-399The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica(2015)Inflammation - Pathology
15. Does the human body need cholesterol? Justify your answer.
As a type of fat to all animal cells cholesterol is essential for many metabolic processes of the body. Cholesterol assists in building the structure of cell membranes, producing hormones like oestrogen, testosterone and adrenal hormones help your metabolism work efficiently. Cholesterol is also essential in producing vitamin D that generates bile acids to help digesting fat and absorbing nutrients.
Our body can manufacture cholesterol itself, there’s no need to eat high cholesterol foods.
Marieb, E. N. (2006). Chapter 14-The Digestive System and Body Metabolism- P486State Government of Victoria (2015)-Cholesterolhttp://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/cholesterol_explained
16. In your own words, briefly discuss one (1) sensory, and one (1) structural/functional change associated with nutrition and the aging process.
As we become aged our vision can changes in various way. The lacrimal glands (tear glans) become less active. By making insufficient tears or poor quality tears, our eyes tend to become dry, causing itching, burning, redness, or sometime inhibits of vision. Lacking of moisturizing process of tearing can our eyes become susceptible to bacteria and irritation.
As we get older, our bones become less densed. Bones weakening like vertebral collapse by osteoporosis can cause loss of height and bad posture like dowager’s hump. Estrogen helps maintain healthy bone, and the estrogen deficiency that occurs especially on a woman has gone through her menopause period can lead to serious osteoporosis. By losing of essential minerals like calcium, magnesium and Vitamin D deficiency via poor diet and exercise are some other factors that contribute to osteoporosis besides aging.
Marieb, E. N. (2006). Chapter 8- Special Senses- P294
Marieb, E. N. (2006). Chapter 5- Osteoporosis- The Skeletal System P170
17. References:
1. Marieb, E. N. (2006). Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology 8th edition:San Francisco, CA, US: Pearson Benjamin Cummings. P2
2. Marieb, E. N. (2006). Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology 8th edition:San Francisco, CA, US: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.P9-10
3. Marieb, E. N. (2006). Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology 8th edition:San Francisco, CA, US: Pearson Benjamin Cummings. P7-9
4. Marieb, E. N. (2006). Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology 8th edition:San Francisco, CA, US: Pearson Benjamin Cummings. P79-83
5.1. Marieb, E. N. (2006). Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology 8th edition:San Francisco, CA, US: Pearson Benjamin Cummings. P85-97
6. Marieb, E. N. (2006). Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology 8th edition:San Francisco, CA, US: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.P110-112, P215 http://sciencenetlinks.com/student-teacher-sheets/integumentary-system/
7. Marieb, E. N. (2006). Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology 8th edition:San Francisco, CA, US: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.P110-112 http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/ageing_the_skin
8. Marieb, E. N. (2006). Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology 8th edition:San Francisco, CA, US: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.P111
COLIN BLAKEMORE and SHELIA JENNETT. "temperature regulation." The Oxford Companion to the Body. 2001. Retrieved August 29, 2015 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O128-temperatureregulation.html
9. Marieb, E. N. (2006). Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology 8th edition:San Francisco, CA, US: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.P130-131
10. Marieb, E. N. (2006). Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology 8th edition:San Francisco, CA, US: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.P177-182
A.G. DiGiovanna(July 22, 2000). MUSCLE
SYSTEM:Human Aging: Biological Perspectives. Retrieved from http://www2.ku.edu/~lba/courses/articles/chapter%208d.pdf
11.Marieb, E. N. (2006). Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology 8th edition:San Francisco, CA, US: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.P191
12.Marieb, E. N. (2006). Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology 8th edition:San Francisco, CA, US: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.P376-379
A.H.A.(2014)Atherosclerosis- Retrieved from http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/Cholesterol/WhyCholesterolMatters/Atherosclerosis_UCM_305564_Article.jsp
13. Marieb, E. N. (2006). Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology 8th edition:San Francisco, CA, US: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.P376-379
The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica(2015)Lymphatic system-Anatomy Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/science/lymphatic-system
14. Marieb, E. N. (2006). Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology 8th edition:San Francisco, CA, US: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.P396-399
The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica(2015)Lymphatic system-Anatomy Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/science/inflammation
15. Marieb, E. N. (2006). Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology 8th edition:San Francisco, CA, US: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.P44-46,P486
State Government of Victoria (2015)- Better Health Channel- Cholesterol Retrieved from http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/cholesterol_explained
16.Marieb, E. N. (2006). Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology 8th edition:San Francisco, CA, US: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.P294,P170
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